:

"Lista en castellano"

Fuente: http://www.i-sis.org.uk/new_route_for_GM_gene_escape.php

TRANSGÉNICOS: Científicos descubren una nueva vía de transferencia horizontal de genes.

Este artículo está escrito por Mae Wan Ho, del Instituto de Ciencia y Sociedad (ISIS). Han descubierto que con la manipulación genética, los genes modificados genéticamente pueden saltar de una especie a otra a través de las heridas. Según cuentan las nuevas combinaciones de material genético se producen a una velocidad sin precedentes, afectando a las especies que se reproducen más rápidamente, es decir, las bacterias y los virus que producen enfermedades.
 
Ayer mismo leía sobre la noticia de que “el 75% de las colmenas españolas están enfermas”. Estos pequeños insectos, están sufriendo las consecuencias de la debilitación por varias décadas de empleo de pesticidas, insecticidas, y agrotóxicos en la agricultura. Varias han sido las hipótesis, pero cuentan que se debe a un microorganismo parásito llamado “Nosema“. Normalmente una especie con salud, no es víctima de microorganismos parásitos hasta el punto de provocar tal debilidad, sino que la debilitación está haciendo que sea más susceptible. Ahora están hablando de la transferencia de genes, otro agravante más para todos los insectos que se relacionan con las plantas en la agricultura, por toda la relación que hay entre los microorganismos, las bacterias y los insectos.
 
Necesitamos volver a una agricultura mucho más natural si deseamos evitar el colapso de las colmenas, afortunadamente ya se están dando pasos, aunque se siguen utilizando pesticidas que están prohibidos en ocasiones.
 
Las abejas son insectos polinizadores muy necesarios para la producción de alimentos a nivel global, una disminución de su cantidad, repercute en menores cosechas, menor cantidad de alimentos, y aumento de precios de los alimentos en el mercado. Los transgénicos agravan mucho más la situación precaria de las necesarias abejas. Los transgénicos producen menor cantidad de alimento, las empresas especulan con la propiedad de las semillas patentadas, intentando controlar el negocio de la alimentación, los transgénicos y sus agrotóxicos asociados causan problemas en la salud, problemas de esterilidad, malformaciones congénitas, y los transgénicos están prohibidos en 10 países de la Unión Europea, ayúdanos a expandir este mensaje. Fué en Grecia dónde el colegio de médicos, colaboró en conseguir que se prohibiera su cultivo allí.
 
El artículo de Mae Wan-Ho.
Fuente: ISIS (Instituto de Ciencia y Sociedad)
Los genes modificados genéticamente pueden saltar de una especie a otra a través de las heridas, y si esta transferencia horizontal de genes ocurre, y con una gran frecuencia, estamos ante el más grande y subestimado de los peligros liberados al ambiente a través de los organismos modificados genéticamente (OGM). Dra. Mae Wan-Ho

 
Los científicos de la Universidad de Bristol en el Reino Unido anunciaron el descubrimiento  de un nueva ruta hasta ahora desconocida según la cual “los genes modificados genéticamente pueden escaparse al medio natural”. Decir escapar en una forma poco adecuada de hablar, porque los organismos modificados genéticamente han sido liberados al medio ambiente en gran cantidad en los últimos 17 años. La cuestión está en lo rápido y en qué medida los genes modificados genéticamente se pueden transmitir, y de donde podrían surgir graves consecuencias.
El escape hace referencia a la transferencia horizontal de genes – la propagación de los genes modificados genéticamente por infección y multiplicación (literalmente como un virus), independientemente de la barrera entre las especies, por lo que la tasa de propagación es mucho más rápida, y en cierta medida virtualmente ilimitada. Las nuevas combinaciones de material genético se producen a una velocidad sin precedentes, afectando a las especies que se reproducen más rápidamente, es decir, las bacterias y los virus que producen enfermedades. La transferencia horizontal de genes y la recombinación es de hecho la ruta principal para la generación de nuevas cepas de bacterias y virus que causan enfermedades. La modificación genética y la liberación de los organismos modificados genéticamente en el ambiente no tendría importancia si no se facilitase en gran medida la transferencia horizontal de genes y la recombinación. Se han creado amplias carreteras para el tráfico de genes donde antes existían estrechos caminos ocasionales.
Algunos de nosotros hemos considerado durante mucho tiempo que la transferencia horizontal de genes encierra graves peligros ocultos y que son subestimados por la mayor parte de la Ingeniería Genética, y se ha alertado a los reguladores en consecuencias, una y otra vez, ya desde que los OGM se liberaron por primera vez. La reciente emergencia lanzado por un científico de alto nivel del Departamento de Agricultura de los Estados Unidos al Secretario de Agricultura sobre la aparición de un microorganismo sospechoso y asociado a los cultivos transgénicos, puede ser un ejemplo de ello.
 
Las heridas en las plantas, una vía para el tráfico de genes
Los investigadores de la Universidad de Bristol mostraron que las heridas de las plantas, producidas por ejemplo por las picaduras de los insectos, la abrasión o daños mecánicos, son puntos de acceso para el tráfico de genes, debido a las hormonas que en la herida produce la planta. En tales circunstancias, la bacteria del suelo Agrobacterium tumefaciens, que causa la enfermedad de las agallas de la corona, podría ampliar su gama de huéspedes infectando a los hongos, e insertando genes extraños en el genoma de los hongos. Esto tiene serias implicaciones en la seguridad de los OGM, de amplia distribución en el medio ambiente.
 
A. tumefaciens es probablemente único entre los patógenos naturales de la plantas que realiza una transferencia horizontal de genes entre distintos reinos durante la infección, y esta capacidad ha sido ampliamente explotada para la creación de cultivos transgénicos, que se cultivan en aproximadamente 134 millones de hectáreas en todo el mundo, cifras de 2009, y ampliándose un 10% en 2010, según información del Servicio Internacional de Aplicaciones Agro-biotecnológicas (ISAAA).
 
La investigación encargada por el Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, Alimentación y Asuntos Rurales (DEFRA) en la década de 1990, ya había revelado que es muy difícil, si no imposible, deshacerse del vector Agrobacterium, utilizado en la creación de la planta transgénica, y la bacteria es probable que se mantenga latente incluso después de que las plantas transgénicasson trasplantadas al suelo. Por lo tanto, se facilita la transferencia horizontal de genes mediante Agrobacterium a los microorganismos del suelo, y extendiéndose más allá.
 
Las tensiones que causan enfermedades por las cepas de A. tumefaciens presentan un plásmido extracromosómico Ti (Inductor de tumores) que permite la transferencia horizontal de un segmento de plásmido Ti, el T-ADN, al genoma de la célula de la planta cuando la virulencia de la bacteria (causante de enfermedades) se activa por las hormonas producidas por la planta en la herida. Esta característica es explotada en la creación de organismos modificados genéticamente (OGM), mediante el desarme de la bacteria, e incorporando genes virulentos por un vector “binario” que es usado en conjunción con la cepa desarmada de Agrobacterium. 
 
En la década de 1990, se demostró que el rango de organismos modificados por Agrobacteriumpodía ampliarse si la hormona acetosiringona presente en la herida fuese utilizado para inducir más virulencia al sistema.
 
Los investigadores de la Universidad de Bristol razonaron que, como A. tumefaciens es un patógeno que mora en el suelo a menudo infecta a las plantas a través de las heridas, también es posible que la bacteria pudiera encontrar a otras numerosas especies de organismos, incluyendo hongos patógenos, utilizando el mismo método para penetrar en la planta. Los lugares utilizados son las heridas, donde es probable que se exude la hormona acetosiringona,estando preparadas las bacterias para la transferencia de ADN-T.
 
Las investigaciones realizadas confirman las sospechas en su totalidad
Llevaron a cabo su investigación con el causante del marchitamiento, el hongo Verticillium albo-atrum, un seguro candidato a encontrarse con Agrobacterium en la planta, ya que tiene un rango similar en las plantas donde se hospeda, tanto en la raíz como en la corona. Anteriores experimentos de laboratorio habían demostrado que Verticillium albo-atrum no puede ser modificado por Agrobacterium en ausencia de acetosiringona. Por lo tanto, si se presentaAgrobacterium en el tejido vegetal, y la modificación se produce, debe ser por la hormona que suministra la planta donde se ha producido una herida.
 
Los tubérculos de patata y la zanahoria pelados y cortados en rodajas, y secciones del tallo dela planta de tabaco, fueron utilizados como tejidos vegetales para la realización de las experiencias. Después de la esterilización, fueron inoculados con A. tumefaciens y Verticillium albo-atrum, y conservados a temperatura ambiente en un medio con agar durante un mínimo de 42 días y un máximo de 80 días.
 
Se observaron modificaciones con Verticillium albo-atrum en los tejidos de las plantas, 2 de 17 rodajas de patatas, 1 de cada 15 de zanahoria, en 14 de las 42 muestras que tenían de 3-5 piezas de hoja y en 10 de las 31 secciones del tallo ( sin cultivo de agar, con la finalidad de que las condiciones fuesen lo más naturales posibles). Estas modificaciones fueron confirmadas mediante análisis moleculares genéticos.
 
Se han desestimado las evaluaciones de riesgos de los organismos modificados genéticamente
Los investigadores concluyeron:”Este trabajo plantea interesantes preguntas acerca de si la variedad de anfitriones de A. tumefaciens en la naturaleza se reduce únicamente a las plantas. Es posible que la comprobación de tales circunstancias se compruebe retroactivamente al observar el creciente número de secuencias de genoma de las plantas que se realizan… 
Además, los resultados bien que podrían tener implicaciones para la evaluación de los riesgos de las plantas modificadas genéticamente producidas a través de la modificación mediante Agrobacterium, dado que Agrobacterium puede sobrevivir dentro de los tejidos vegetales a través de la modificación y cultivo de tejidos, y por lo tanto se puede encontrar en el interior de las plantas transgénicas…”. 
 
Todo esto es más que un eufemismo de un grave riesgo que ya se conoció desde la primera versión de Agrobacterium modificada genéticamente y liberada al ambiente.

 

Fuente: http://www.i-sis.org.uk/new_route_for_GM_gene_escape.php

Saludos

Ramón Argudo

ISIS Report 02/03/11

Scientists Discover New Route for GM-gene 'Escape'

Genetically modified genes can jump species via wounds, yes horizontal gene transfer happens, and at high frequencies; it is the greatest, most underestimated hazard from GMOs released into the environment Dr. Mae-Wan Ho

Please circulate widely and forward to your elected representatives

Gene “escape” a misnomer for horizontal gene transfer

Scientists at Bristol University in the UK announced the discovery of [1] “a previously unknown route” whereby “GM genes may escape into the natural environment.”  “Escape” is a misnomer. There is no need for the GM (genetically modified) genes to “escape”, when genetically modified organisms (GMOs) have been released in great abundance and with gay abandon into the environment over the past 17 years. At issue is how fast and how widely the GM genes can spread, and what dire consequences could arise.

The “escape” referred to is horizontal gene transfer – the spread of GM genes by infection and multiplication (literally like a virus) regardless of species barriers; hence the rate of spread is much more rapid, and the extent virtually unlimited.  New combinations of genetic material are created at unprecedented speed; affecting species the most that reproduce the fastest, i.e., bacteria and viruses that cause diseases. Horizontal gene transfer and recombination is indeed a main route for generating new strains of bacteria and viruses that cause diseases. Genetic modification and release of GMOs into the environment is nothing if not greatly facilitated horizontal gene transfer and recombination. It has created highways for gene trafficking in place of narrow by-ways and occasional footpaths that previously existed.

Some of us have long considered horizontal gene transfer to be the most serious hidden and underestimated hazard of genetic engineering, and have alerted regulators accordingly, time and again, since GMOs were first released (see for example [3, 4] (Gene Technology and Gene Ecology of Infectious Diseases, ISIS scientific publication; Genetic Engineering Dream or Nightmare, ISIS publication). The recent “emergency” warning sent by a senior US Department of Agriculture scientist to US Secretary of Agriculture on a suspected pathogen “new to science” associated with GM crops may prove to be a case in point [5] (Emergency! Pathogen New to Science Found in Roundup Ready GM Crops? SiS 50).

Plant wounds hotspots for gene trafficking

The researchers at Bristol University showed that plant wounds, that could be created by insect bites, abrasion and other mechanical damage, are hotspots for gene trafficking due to the wound hormones produced by the plant. Under such circumstances, the soil bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens, which causes crown gall disease in plants, could enlarge its host range to infect fungi, and insert foreign genes into the fungi’s genome [2]. This has large implications on the safety of GMOs already widely released into the environment.

A. tumefaciens is probably unique among natural plant pathogens in carrying out trans-Kingdom horizontal gene transfer during an infection, and it is this ability that has been widely exploited for creating GM crops, grown on an estimated 134 million hectares worldwide in 2009, and “jumped’ another 10 percent in 2010, according to industry-funded International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications (ISAAA) [6].

Research commissioned by the UK Department of the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) in the 1990s had already revealed that it is very difficult, if not impossible to get rid of the Agrobacterium vector used in creating the transgenic plant [7], and the bacterium is likely to remain dormant even after the transgenic plants are transplanted into the soil. Hence, it is expected to facilitate horizontal gene transfer, in the first instance, to wild-type Agrobacterium in the soil, and further afield.

Disease-causing strains of A. tumefaciens have an extrachromosomal Ti (tumour-inducing) plasmid that enables the horizontal transfer of a segment of the Ti plasmid, the T-DNA, into the plant cell genome when the bacterium’s virulence (disease causing) system is activated by hormones produced by the wounded plant. This feature is exploited in creating genetically modified organisms (GMOs), by disarming the bacterium, and incorporating the virulence genes in a ‘binary’ vector that has to be used in conjunction with the disarmed Agrobacterium strain.

In the 1990s, it was shown that the range of organisms transformed byAgrobacterium could be extended if the wound hormone acetosyringone was used to induce the virulence system.

The researchers at Bristol University reasoned that as A. tumefaciens is a soil-dwelling pathogen that often infects plants through wounds, it is conceivable that the bacterium could encounter numerous species of microorganisms, including pathogenic fungi that the same method to gain entry into the plant. The wound sites are likely to be exuding wound hormones such as acetosyringone, so the bacteria are primed for T-DNA transfer.

Experiments confirmed their suspicion in full

They carried out their investigation using the wilt-causing fungus Verticillium albo-atrum, a strong candidate for encounters with Agrobacterium in the plant, as it has a similar wide host range in plants, infecting both root and crown. Previous lab experiments have shown that V. albo-atrum cannot be transformed byAgrobacterium in the absence of acetosyringone. So, if it is presented withAgrobacterium on plant tissue, and transformation does occur, it must be the plant that supplies the wound hormone.

Peeled and sliced potato tubers and carrots, leave- and stem-sections from tobacco plants were used as the plant tissues for testing. After sterilization, they were inoculated with both A. tumefaciens and V. albo-atrum and left at room temperature in a covered agar dish for a minimum of 8 days and a maximum of 42 days.

Successful transformants of V. albo-atrum were obtained from every kind of plant tissue. 2 out of 17 potato slices, 1 out of 15 carrot slices; 14 out of 42 dishes each with 3-5 leaf pieces, and 10 out of 31 stem sections (without agar plate, so as to be as close to the natural condition as possible). These transformants were confirmed with molecular genetic analyses.

Implications on risk assessments of GMOs still understated

The researchers concluded [2]: “This work therefore raises interesting questions about whether the host range of A. tumefaciens in nature is greater than just plants. It is possible that evidence of such events could be looked for retrospectively in the increasing number of genome sequences becoming available....

“In addition, the result may well have implications for the risk assessment of GM plants generated via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, as Agrobacteriumcan survive within plant tissue through transformation and tissue culture and can therefore be found within regenerated transgenic plants...”

This is an understatement of a serious risk that has been known almost since the first release of Agrobacterium-transformed GMOs into the environment.

The risks are far greater than admitted

We have repeatedly drawn attention to the possibility of facilitated horizontal gene transfer from GMOs created with Agrobacterium vector, which is even stronger than originally envisaged due to other discoveries made since then. I reproduce what we wrote in 2008 [8] (Horizontal Gene Transfer from GMOs Does Happen, SiS38), which repeats an earlier account [9] (Living with the Fluid Genome , ISIS publication) (see Box).

Agrobacterium vector a vehicle for facilitated horizontal gene transfer [8, 9] “We have ..provided evidence strongly suggesting that the most common method of creating transgenic plants may also serve as a ready route for horizontal gene transfer [9, 10]. “Agrobacterium tumefaciens, the soil bacterium that causes crown gall disease, has been developed as a major gene transfer vector for making transgenic plants. Foreign genes are typically spliced into the T-DNA - part of a plasmid of A. tumefaciens called Ti (tumour-inducing) – which ends up integrated into the genome of the plant cell that subsequently develops into a tumour. “But further investigations revealed that the process whereby Agrobacteriuminjects T-DNA into plant cells strongly resembles conjugation, the mating process between bacterial cells. Conjugation, mediated by certain bacterial plasmids requires a sequence called the origin of transfer (oriT) on the DNA that’s transferred. All the other functions can be supplied from unlinked sources, referred to as ‘trans-acting functions’ (or tra). Thus, ‘disabled’ plasmids, with no trans-acting functions, can nevertheless be transferred by ‘helper’ plasmids that carry genes coding for the trans-acting functions. And that’s the basis of a complicated vector system devised, involvingAgrobacterium T-DNA, which has been used for creating numerous transgenic plants. “It soon transpired that the left and right borders of the T-DNA are similar to oriT, and can be replaced by it. Furthermore, the disarmed T-DNA, lacking the trans-acting functions (virulence genes that contribute to disease), can be helped by similar genes belonging to many other pathogenic bacteria. It seems that the trans-kingdom gene transfer of Agrobacterium and the conjugative systems of bacteria are both involved in transporting macromolecules, not just DNA but also protein. “That means transgenic plants created by the T-DNA vector system have a ready route for horizontal gene escape, via Agrobacterium, helped by the ordinary conjugative mechanisms of many other bacteria that cause diseases, which are present in the environment. “In fact, the possibility that Agrobacterium can serve as a vehicle for horizontal gene escape was first raised in 1997 in a study sponsored by the UK Government [7, 12], which found it extremely difficult to get rid of the Agrobacterium in the vector system after transformation. Treatment with an armoury of antibiotics and repeated subculture of the transgenic plants over 13 months failed to get rid of the bacterium. Furthermore, 12.5 percent of the Agrobacterium remaining still contained the binary vector (T-DNA and helper plasmid), and were hence fully capable of transforming other plants. “Agrobacterium not only transfers genes into plant cells; there is possibility forretrotransfer of DNA from the plant cell to Agrobacterium [13]. High rates of gene transfer are associated with the plant root system and the germinating seed, where conjugation is most likely [14]. There, Agrobacterium could multiply and transfer transgenic DNA to other bacteria, as well as to the next crop to be planted. These possibilities have yet to be investigated empirically. “Finally, Agrobacterium attaches to and genetically transforms several human cell lines [15, 16] (Common plant vector injects genes into human cells ISIS News11/12). In stably transformed HeLa cells (a human cell line derived originally from a cancer patient), the integration of T-DNA occurred at the right border, exactly as would happen when it is transferred into a plant cell genome. This suggests thatAgrobacterium transforms human cells by a mechanism similar to that which it uses for transforming plants cells. “The possibility that Agrobacterium is a vehicle for horizontal transfer of transgenic DNA remains unresolved to this day.”

Agrobacterium transfers genes into human cells

It is also worth reiterating our comment on the scientific paper [15] documenting that Agrobacterium can transfer genes into human cells [16].

“The paper shows that human cancer cells along with neurons and kidney cells were transformed with the Agrobacterium T-DNA. Such observations should raise alarm for those who use Agrobacterium in the laboratory.

“The integrated T-DNA will almost certainly act as a mutagen as it integrates into human chromosomes. Cancer can be triggered by activation of oncogenes (ie, cancer genes) or inactivation of cancer-suppressing genes. Furthermore, the sequences carried within the T-DNA in the transforming bacterium can be expressed in the transformed cells (the viral promoter CaMV has been found to be active in HeLa cells [17]) ….

“It is clear that little has been done to prevent environmental escape of the transforming bacteria or to quantify such releases. In conclusion, a study of cancer incidence among those exposed to Agrobacterium tumefaciens in the laboratory and in the field is needed. It would be worthwhile to screen workers for T-DNA sequences.”

To conclude

The discovery by the Bristol University researchers barely scratches the surface of the hidden hazards of GMOs from horizontal gene transfer. It is high time for a global ban to be imposed on further environmental releases of GMOs, and all those responsible for releasing them should be brought to book.

References

1. “Hazards of GMOS: Agrobacterium mediated transformation”http://www.bristol.ac.uk/news/2010/7279.html

2. Knight CJ, Bailey AM, Foster GD. Investigating Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Verticillium albo-atrum on plant surfaces. PLOS ONE 2010, 5(10): e13684. Doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0013684

3. Ho MW. Gene technology and gene ecology of infectious diseases. Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease 1998, 10, 33-59.

4. Ho MW. Genetic Engineering Dream of Nightmare? The Brave New World of Bad Science and Big Business, Third World Network, Gateway Books, MacMillan, Continuum, Penang, Malaysia, Bath, UK, Dublin, Ireland, New York, USA, 1998, 1999, 2007 (reprint with extended Introduction). http://www.i-sis.org.uk/genet.php

5. Ho MW. Emergency! Pathogen new to science found in Roundup Ready GM crops? Science in Society 50 (to appear).

6. Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops, 2009, ISAAA,http://www.isaaa.org/

7. Mc Nicol MJ, Lyon GD, Chen MY, Barrett C and Cobb E. Scottish Crop Research Institute. Contract No RG 0202.The Possibility of Agrobacterium as a Vehicle for Gene Escape. MAFF. R&D and Surveillance Report: 395.

8. Ho MW and Cummins J. Horizontal gene transfer from GMOs does happen.Science in Society 38, 22-24, 2008

9. Ho MW. Living with the Fluid Genome, ISIS/TWN, London/Penanag, 2003.http://www.i-sis.org.uk/fluidGenome.php

10. Ferguson G and Heinemann J. Recent history of trans-kingdom conjugation . InHorizontal Gene Transfer 2^nd ed., Syvanen M and Kado CI. (eds.) Academic Press, San Diego, 2002.

11. Ho MW. Horizontal gene transfer, book review. Heredity 2003, 90, 6-7.

12. Barrett C, Cobb E, MacNicol R and Lyon G. A risk assessment study of plant genetic transformation using Agrobacterium and implication for analysis of transgenic plants.Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture 1997, 19,135-144.

13. Kado C. in Horizontal Gene Transfer 2^nd ed., Syvanen M and Kado CI. (eds.) Academic Press, San Diego, 2002.

14. Sengelov G, Kristensen KJ, Sorensen AH, Kroer N, and Sorensen SJ. Effect of genomic location on horizontal transfer of a recombinant gene cassette betweenPseudomonas strains in the rhizosphere and spermosphere of barley seedlings.Current Microbiology 2001, 42, 160-7.

15. Kunik T, Tzfira T, Kapulnik Y, Gafni Y, Dingwall C, and Citovsky V. Genetic transformation of HeLa cells by Agrobacterium. PNAS USA, 2001, 98, 1871-87.

16. Cummins J.  “Common plant vector injects genes into human cells.  ISIS News2002, 11/12, p. 10.

17. Ho MW, Ryan A and Cummins J. CaMV 35S promoter fragmentation hotspot confirmed and it is active in animals. Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease, 2000, 12, 189.

There are 6 comments on this article so far. Add your comment

Prof Keshava Nireshwalia Comment left 2nd March 2011 16:04:27 In the light of arguments, there is a strong case for banning GMOs unless a protective strategy against the horizontal transfers and the potential hazards are controlled. Thanks indeed for the enlightenment on the topic.

patrons99 Comment left 3rd March 2011 15:03:33 Great post, Dr Ho! Professor Nireshwalia makes an excellent point. "...there is a strong case for banning GMOs unless a protective strategy against the horizontal transfers and the potential hazards are controlled." Don't the vaccine schedules and global vaccine policy represent another route for GM gene escape?

patrons99 Comment left 3rd March 2011 15:03:41 Don't the vaccine schedules and global vaccine policy represent another route for GM gene escape? How safe is that? “Vaccine Excipient & Media Summary” “This section begins with a summary of the excipients included in licensed vaccines in the United States, as of the revision date at the bottom of the page. Excipients are inactive ingredients of a drug product necessary for production of a finished pharmaceutical formulation.” http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/downloads/appendices/b/excipient-table-1.pdf http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/downloads/appendices/b/excipient-table-2.pdf This is FRAUD pure and simple. Neurotoxic metals, endocrine disruptors, phase transfer catalysts, ionophores, and non-human DNA are NOT inactive. It’s time that they were called-out on their lies!

mae-wan Ho Comment left 3rd March 2011 15:03:30 Patrons99, you are right about genetically modified vaccines, which we have written a lot about in ISIS.

Todd Millions Comment left 3rd March 2011 21:09:57 Dr-Mae-Wan Ho Thanx for this,exellent as usual.On the vaccine comments- Given the contamination detection problems of conventional vaccines and serums,Could the brew vats themselves be churning out contaminates by this horizontal mechinism,and if so would they even be picked up by normal testing?

patrons99 Comment left 4th March 2011 14:02:44 How about forced mass vaccination with “franken-viruses”? The reality of vaccine "madness" keeps getting stranger by the day. There really is a lot that we can learn from the H1N1 Pandemic Flu Fraud and Hysteria of 2009. History could easily repeat itself, unless we educate ourselves. Dr A. True Ott, PhD, ND has looked into the subject in detail. At first, I was skeptical, but the more I read about these events, and the hemorrhagic pneumonic plague in the Ukraine, the less skeptical I became. I really do wonder what is more dangerous - the wild-type “germ”, the lab virus, or the jab? http://atrueott.wordpress.com/ “Flu viruses have eight gene segments and one of the segments is called the PA gene. Interestingly, all eight dangerous hybrids carried the PA gene belonging to the H1N1 parent virus. The eight hybrid viruses caused severe pneumonia, edema and hemorrhaging in infected mice, the experts wrote.” “Experts believe that a classic way for hybrid viruses to form is when different viruses meet and “marry” inside a single host, swapping genes. Humans and animals, such as pigs, can be efficient “mixing vessels.” “Novavax will develop new technology to make vaccines using insect cells. VaxInnate will develop technology that combines influenza and bacteria proteins to stimulate strong immune response against the flu.”